The term ‘Constitution’ originates from French and generally pertains to regulations and orders. A country’s Constitution serves as the fundamental law, holding significant authority and sanctity. It delineates the basic principles of governance, the structures and processes of governance, fundamental rights of citizens, and charts a course for the nation’s growth and development.
Following India’s independence, the Constitution makers aspired to craft a governance model that prioritized the people’s interests. The foresight and visionary leadership of the Founding Fathers resulted in an exceptional Constitution that has guided the nation for over seven decades. The success of India’s democratic system owes much to the robust framework established by its Constitution.
On 26th November 1949, “We, the People of India,” resolved to adopt, enact, and bestow upon ourselves the Constitution of independent India. Commemorating Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar’s 125th Birth Anniversary in 2015, both Houses of Parliament dedicated sittings to discuss “Commitment to India’s Constitution” as part of the celebrations. Since then, 26th November is celebrated annually as Constitution Day, previously known as National Law Day, following a resolution by the Supreme Court Bar Association in 1979.
Our Constitution pledges to establish India as a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic Republic. It promises socio-economic and political justice, liberty, equality, freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship, equality of status and opportunity, and endeavors to promote fraternity, ensuring individual dignity and national unity. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar outlined these core expectations, emphasizing the Constitution’s dual objectives of political and economic democracy, urging every government to strive towards economic democracy.
Preamble
“WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a {SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC}1 and to secure to all its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;
LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;
and to promote among them all
FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the
{unity and integrity of the Nation};
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.”
Sovereignty: The preamble of the Indian Constitution begins with the powerful declaration, “We the People of India,” signifying that ultimate sovereignty rests with the citizens of India collectively. This implies that constitutional authorities and governmental organs derive their power solely from the people. The Constitution thus establishes a framework where the government operates with the consent and authority of the people.
Socialism: The Constitution of India embodies the principles of a Welfare State, aiming to eradicate exploitation in all spheres. It emphasizes promoting a social order characterized by justice, economic well-being, and political equality. Measures such as land reforms, protection of labor rights, and the promotion of social ownership of resources reflect this commitment to socialism. The overarching goal is to ensure that the benefits of development are distributed equitably for the common good, preventing the concentration of wealth to the detriment of society.
Secularism: India’s secularism entails state neutrality in matters of religion, ensuring equal treatment and protection of all religions. The Constitution prohibits discrimination based on religion and guarantees freedom of belief, worship, and religious practice. It also safeguards cultural and educational rights, including the autonomy of religious institutions. Secularism in India fosters a pluralistic society where individuals are free to practice their faith without fear of discrimination or prejudice.
Democracy: The Preamble underscores India’s commitment to democracy, encompassing not only political but also social and economic dimensions. The country has adopted a parliamentary democratic system, where governments are elected by the people through universal adult franchise. Key democratic principles include freedom of speech, expression, and association, as well as the rule of law and an independent judiciary. India’s democratic ethos ensures accountability, peaceful transitions of power, and respect for individual rights.
Republic: India’s status as a republic signifies that the head of state is elected and serves for a fixed term, reflecting the sovereignty vested in the people. This model contrasts with monarchical systems where power is concentrated in a single individual. Moreover, a republic symbolizes inclusivity, with public offices open to all citizens without discrimination, thus promoting equality and democratic values.
Justice: The concept of justice in the Indian Constitution encompasses social, economic, and political dimensions. It recognizes that political freedom alone is insufficient to address entrenched socio-economic disparities. Therefore, the Constitution advocates for affirmative action, protection of marginalized communities, and the abolition of discriminatory practices. Justice in India seeks to create a more equitable and inclusive society where every individual can thrive.
Liberty: Liberty is a fundamental right guaranteed to all citizens, encompassing freedom of thought, expression, belief, and worship. However, these freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions to maintain public order and protect the rights of others. Liberty in India is essential for fostering a culture of democracy, where diverse viewpoints are respected, and individuals can participate freely in civic life.
Equality: The Constitution enshrines the principle of equality, prohibiting discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. It ensures equal opportunities and treatment for all citizens, abolishing discriminatory practices such as untouchability and titles of honor. Equality underpins India’s democratic ideals and commitment to social justice.
Fraternity: Fraternity promotes a sense of brotherhood and unity among the diverse population of India. It encourages mutual respect, understanding, and solidarity across different religious, linguistic, and cultural communities. Fraternity fosters national integration and social cohesion, reinforcing the values of justice, liberty, and equality.
Dignity of the Individual: The Constitution recognizes the inherent dignity of every individual, guaranteeing equal rights and opportunities for men and women. It mandates the state to promote socio-economic welfare and ensure humane working conditions for all citizens. Upholding the dignity of the individual is essential for building a fair and inclusive society.
Unity and Integrity: India’s unity and integrity are paramount, given its diverse cultural, linguistic, and regional diversity. The Constitution emphasizes the importance of national unity, prohibiting secessionist tendencies and promoting a sense of belonging among all citizens. Unity in diversity is a core principle that strengthens India’s democratic fabric and national identity.
The Constitution: The Indian Constitution is not merely a legal document but an embodiment of the nation’s aspirations and values. It reflects the wisdom of the founding fathers and the collective will of the people. Through its provisions, the Constitution establishes the framework for governance, enshrining principles of democracy, justice, equality, and fraternity. It serves as a beacon guiding the nation towards progress, inclusivity, and social harmony.